习惯用法
一些在 Kotlin 中广泛使用的语法习惯,如果你有更喜欢的语法习惯或者风格,建一个 pull request 贡献给我们吧!
创建 DTOs(POJOs/POCOs)
data class Customer(val name: String, val email: String)
会为 Customer
类提供以下功能:
- 所有属性的 getters (对于 var 定义的还有 setters)
equals()
hashCode()
toString()
copy()
- 所有属性的
component1()
,component2()
, … 等等 (参阅数据类)
函数的默认参数
fun foo(a: Int = 0, b: String = "") { ... }
过滤 list
val positives = list.filter { x -> x > 0 }
或者可以更短:
val positives = list.filter { it > 0 }
String 内插
println("Name $name")
类型判断
when (x) {
is Foo -> ...
is Bar -> ...
else -> ...
}
遍历 map/pair型list
for ((k, v) in map) {
println("$k -> $v")
}
k
、v
可以改成任意名字。
使用区间(range)
for (i in 1..100) { ... } // closed range: includes 100
for (i in 1 until 100) { ... } // half-open range: does not include 100
for (x in 2..10 step 2) { ... }
for (x in 10 downTo 1) { ... }
if (x in 1..10) { ... }
只读 list
val list = listOf("a", "b", "c")
只读 map
val map = mapOf("a" to 1, "b" to 2, "c" to 3)
访问 map
println(map["key"])
map["key"] = value
延迟属性
val p: String by lazy {
// compute the string
}
扩展函数
fun String.spaceToCamelCase() { ... }
"Convert this to camelcase".spaceToCamelCase()
创建单例
object Resource {
val name = "Name"
}
If not null 缩写
val files = File("Test").listFiles()
println(files?.size)
If not null and else 缩写
val files = File("Test").listFiles()
println(files?.size ?: "empty")
if null 执行一个语句
val data = ...
val email = data["email"] ?: throw IllegalStateException("Email is missing!")
if not null 执行代码
val data = ...
data?.let {
... // 代码会执行到此处, 假如data不为null
}
返回when表达式
fun transform(color: String): Int {
return when (color) {
"Red" -> 0
"Green" -> 1
"Blue" -> 2
else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Invalid color param value")
}
}
‘try/catch’ 表达式
fun test() {
val result = try {
count()
} catch (e: ArithmeticException) {
throw IllegalStateException(e)
}
// Working with result
}
‘if’ 表达式
fun foo(param: Int) {
val result = if (param == 1) {
"one"
} else if (param == 2) {
"two"
} else {
"three"
}
}
返回类型为 Unit
的方法的 Builder 风格用法
fun arrayOfMinusOnes(size: Int): IntArray {
return IntArray(size).apply { fill(-1) }
}
单表达式函数
fun theAnswer() = 42
等价于
fun theAnswer(): Int {
return 42
}
单表达式函数与其它惯用法一起使用能简化代码,例如和 when 表达式一起使用:
fun transform(color: String): Int = when (color) {
"Red" -> 0
"Green" -> 1
"Blue" -> 2
else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Invalid color param value")
}
对一个对象实例调用多个方法 (with
)
class Turtle {
fun penDown()
fun penUp()
fun turn(degrees: Double)
fun forward(pixels: Double)
}
val myTurtle = Turtle()
with(myTurtle) { //draw a 100 pix square
penDown()
for(i in 1..4) {
forward(100.0)
turn(90.0)
}
penUp()
}
Java 7 的 try with resources
val stream = Files.newInputStream(Paths.get("/some/file.txt"))
stream.buffered().reader().use { reader ->
println(reader.readText())
}
Convenient form for a generic function that requires the generic type information
// public final class Gson {
// ...
// public <T> T fromJson(JsonElement json, Class<T> classOfT) throws JsonSyntaxException {
// ...
inline fun <reified T: Any> Gson.fromJson(json): T = this.fromJson(json, T::class.java)
Consuming a nullable Boolean
val b: Boolean? = ...
if (b == true) {
...
} else {
// `b` is false or null
}